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Second messenger system

1. BY, DAMARIS BENNY DANIEL I Msc. ZOOLOGY

2. INTRODUCTION  Second messengers are molecules that relay signals from receptors on the cell surface to target molecules inside the cell.  They greatly amplify the strength of the signal, cause some kind of change in the activity of the cell.  They are a component of cell signaling pathways.  Earl Wilbur Sutherland Jr., discovered second messengers, for which he won the 1971 Nobel Prize.

3. SECOND MESSENGERS  Short lived intracellular signaling molecules  Elevated concentration of second messenger leads to rapid alteration in the activity of one or more cellular enzymes  Removal or degradation of second messenger terminate the cellular response  Four classes of second messengers  Cyclic nucleotides  Membrane lipid derivatives  Ca2+  Nitric oxide/carbon monoxide

4. GASES NO H2S CO HYDROPHOBIC Diacylglycerol Phosphatidylinositols HYDROPHILIC cAMP cGMP IP3 Ca2+. TYPES OF SECOND MESSENGERS

5. CYCLIC AMP  cAMP is a second messenger that is synthesized from ATP by the action of the enzyme

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Role of second messengers and signal transmission in the cell

Effectors of signal transmission events

Second messengers are small molecules or ions that transmit signals received at the cell surface to the inside environment of the cell (Fig. 1).¹ These small, rapidly diffusing effectors are involved in a cascade of signal transmission events that regulate essential biological processes like cell growth, metabolism, and gene expression. In this blog, we look at the preferred ways to examine signal transmission events and how these different approaches can advance research quickly and effectively using microplate readers.

Second messenger research

Before outlining approaches for the detection of signal transmission and second messengers, we will first look at some of the molecules and ions that make up this diverse family of essential effectors involved in signal transmission.

The ecosystem of intracellular messengers

The world of second messengers comprises a wide variety of molecules and ions with properties that make them suitable for the tas

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Second messenger system

System of signaling molecules within a cell

Second messengers are intracellular signaling molecules released by the cell in response to exposure to extracellular signaling molecules—the first messengers. (Intercellular signals, a non-local form of cell signaling, encompassing both first messengers and second messengers, are classified as autocrine, juxtacrine, paracrine, and endocrine depending on the range of the signal.) Second messengers trigger physiological changes at cellular level such as proliferation, differentiation, migration, survival, apoptosis and depolarization.

They are one of the triggers of intracellular signal transduction cascades.^[1]

Examples of second messenger molecules include cyclic AMP, cyclic GMP, inositol triphosphate, diacylglycerol, and calcium.^[2] First messengers are extracellular factors, often hormones or neurotransmitters, such as epinephrine, growth hormone, and serotonin. Because peptide hormones and neurotransmitters typically are biochemically hydrophilic molecules, these first messengers